Evaluation of Soil–Foundation–Structure Interaction for Large Diameter Monopile Foundation Focusing on Lateral Cyclic Loading

In this study, the monotonic and cyclic behavior of an offshore wind turbine with a monopile foundation installed in sand layer were evaluated centrifuge. A simplified was modeled, lateral load applied to tower under displacement control. The loading test ultimate capacity bending moment profiles different levels. During loading, variations moment-rotation responses, stiffness, moments along pile observed. initial rotational stiffness decreased as level increased. fatigue limit state (FLS) service (SLS) conditions, no noticeable variation observed number cycles. However, (ULS), increased during first few cycles, followed by decreasing rate increase, reached certain value. had weakening effect on monopile–soil interaction, which supported induced monopile.